Modern energy storage systems fall into eight primary categories:

1. 
   1‌.Lithium-ion Batteries‌

   • Most common for EVs and home storage (e.g., Tesla Powerwall)

2. ‌2.Lead-Acid Batteries‌

   • Traditional backup power for telecoms and UPS systems

3. ‌3.Flow Batteries‌

   • Vanadium redox batteries for grid-scale renewable storage

4. ‌4.Pumped Hydro‌

   • Accounts for 90% of global storage capacity (water reservoirs)

5. ‌5.Compressed Air (CAES)‌

   • Stores energy in underground caverns (utility-scale)

6. ‌6.Flywheels‌

   • High-speed rotors for grid frequency regulation

7. ‌7.Thermal Storage‌

   • Molten salt tanks in solar plants (stores heat at 565°C)

8. ‌8.Hydrogen Storage‌

   • Converts excess electricity to hydrogen via electrolysis

Each type serves distinct applications based on discharge duration (seconds to months) and scale (household to grid-level). Lithium-ion dominates portable uses, while pumped hydro handles bulk energy shifting. Emerging technologies like solid-state batteries and cryogenic storage are expanding these categories.

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