1. Intake: The intake valve opens, the piston moves downward, and the air filtered by the air filter is inhaled (the supercharged type is pressurized by the supercharger).

 

2. Mixing: In the intake manifold (manifold mixing) or in the cylinder (direct injection in the cylinder), the gas is mixed with the air in a precise proportion to form a combustible mixture.

 

3. Compression: The intake valve is closed, the piston moves upward, and the combustible mixture is compressed, and the pressure and temperature increase.

 

4. Work (combustion): When the compression stroke approaches the top dead center, the spark plug generates an electric spark to ignite the mixture. The mixture burns and expands rapidly, pushing the piston downward to do work, and driving the crankshaft to rotate through the connecting rod.

 

5. Exhaust: The exhaust valve opens, the piston moves upward, and the exhaust gas after combustion is pushed out of the cylinder and discharged through the exhaust manifold and muffler.

 

6. Energy conversion: The high-speed rotation of the engine crankshaft drives the generator rotor (excitation winding) to rotate.

7. Power generation: The rotating magnetic field of the rotor cuts the wire in the stator (armature winding), and according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an induced electromotive force (voltage) is generated in the stator winding. When the external circuit is connected, current is generated and electrical energy is output.

8. Regulation: The voltage regulator monitors the output voltage and maintains the output voltage stable by controlling the magnitude of the excitation current.

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